β-Endorphin significantly increased HUVEC proliferation and enhanced oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced foam cell formation in macrophages. β-Endorphin significantly increased THP-1 monocyte adhesion to HUVECs and induced upregulation of intercellular adhesion molecule-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, and E-selectin via nuclear factor- κB (NF- κB) and p38 phosphorylation in HUVECs. The μ-opioid receptor (OPRM1) was expressed in THP-1 monocytes, macrophages, HASMCs, HUVECs, and human aortic endothelial cells. We also assessed the effects of β-endorphin on aortic lesions in Apoe −/− mice in vivo. We assessed the effects of β-endorphin on the inflammatory response and monocyte adhesion in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), foam cell formation, and the inflammatory phenotype in THP-1 monocyte-derived macrophages, and migration and proliferation of human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs) in vitro. We clarified the effects of β-endorphin on atherosclerosis. β-Endorphin induces endothelial dysfunction and is related to insulin resistance. doi:10.1038/npp.2017.Β-Endorphin, an endogenous opioid peptide, and its μ-opioid receptor are expressed in brain, liver, and peripheral tissues. Opioid release after high-intensity interval training in healthy human subjects. Saanijoki T, Tuominen L, Tuulari JJ, et al. Creativity, brain, and art: biological and neurological considerations. Social laughter is correlated with an elevated pain threshold. Central and peripheral mechanism of acupuncture analgesia on visceral pain: a systematic review. Rowers’ high: behavioural synchrony is correlated with elevated pain thresholds. Sweating away depression? The impact of intensive exercise on depression. doi:10.2147/NDT.S101647īalchin R, Linde J, Blackhurst D, Rauch HL, Schönbächler G. Comparison of beta-endorphin and CGRP levels before and after treatment for severe schizophrenia. Urban-Kowalczyk M, Śmigielski J, Strzelecki D. Endorphins, oxytocin, sexuality and romantic relationships: an understudied area. Influence of beta-endorphin on anxious behavior in mice: interaction with EtOH. Grisel JE, Bartels JL, Allen SA, Turgeon VL. Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on pain, mood and serum endorphin level in the treatment of fibromyalgia: a double blinded, randomized clinical trial. Is β endorphin related to migraine headache and its relief? Cephalalgia. Misra UK, Kalita J, Tripathi GM, Bhoi SK. The β-endorphin role in stress-related psychiatric disorders. Neurological correlates of brain reward circuitry linked to opioid use disorder (OUD): do homo sapiens acquire or have a reward deficiency syndrome? J Neurol Sci.
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